The intentional deception perpetrated by an individual or individuals, or an organization, which could result in a tangible or intangible benefit to themselves, the University, the commonwealth, or others. Fraud includes a false representation of a matter of fact (whether by words or by conduct, by false or misleading statements, or by concealment of that which should have been disclosed) that deceives or is intended to deceive. Intentional deception may be inferred from the totality of the circumstances, including statements and conduct, and does not need to be proven with direct evidence.